Windows Installation

Date:

Aim: Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your instructor.

What is Computer?

à a computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. it has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.  

à you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the web. you can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

Generations of Computer?

There are five generations

1) First Generation (1940-1956)

•        These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. 

•        These were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat.

•        Comparatively larger in size as compared to present day computers.

•        These were relied on machine language.

•        These were limited to solve one problem at a time.

•        Input was based on punched cards and paper tape.

•        Processor operated in the millisecond speed.

2) Second Generation (1956 – 1963)

•        The vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.

•        Smaller in size compared to the first generation computers.

•        Generated a lower level of heat, as components were much smaller.

•        Higher capacity of internal storage.

•        Processor operated in the microsecond speed.

3) Third Generation (1964 – 1971)

•        The development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.

•        Smaller in size as compared to second generation computers.

•        Assembly language was used for programming.

•        Processors, which operated in nanoseconds speed range.

•        Higher capacity internal storage.

4) Fourth Generation (1972 – 2010)

•        The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology.

•        High-level languages were used for programming.

•        Fast processing with less power consumption.

•        Smaller in size and used for commercial production.

•        They are much faster and accuracy became more reliable.  

•        Processors, which operate in Picoseconds speed range.

5) Fifth generation (2010- present)

•        Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.

•        They are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. 

•        The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

•        This generation is based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology.

•        Solve highly complex problem including decision making, logical reasoning.

Identify the peripherals of computer

What are Peripherals?

•        A computer peripheral, also known as external device that connects to a computer.

•        these devices can be input devices, output devices, or both.

•        examples of input devices include a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and microphone, while output devices include a printer, speaker, and monitor.

•        other peripherals include storage devices such as external hard drives and flash drives, and networking devices such as routers and modems.

What are not Computer PERIPHERALS?

•        Power Supply Unit

•        Computer Case

•        CPU

•        Motherboard

NOTE: Peripherals are device that connects to and works with computer to increase functionality of computer.

Identify Components in a CPU & Its Functions

a computer system has mainly two components, namely hardware and software.

Hardware: - Hardware refers to the physical units of the computer which includes all electronic and electric components and devices, which can be seen by user and touchable components.

Software:- Software is a collection of instructions and programs. these are two types. 1. system software 2. application software 

System Software: - System software is a collection of programs and it is used for manage the system resources.

         ex: operating system

operating system:

operating system is the interface between user and system hardware.

Ex: windows xp, windows 2000, windows vista, unix, linux etc.

Application Software: - 

Application software is the collection of programs and it is used to perform user-oriented applications.

Ex: C, C++, Java etc.

Block diagram of computer

Functions of computer

Input, Process Information, Output, Storage Are The Various Functions Of Computer. 

à Input – Accept Data as Input From Various Input Devices. 

     Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick Etc. 

à Process Information – Performs Mathematical & Logical operations. 

à Output – Resultant Information Will Be Displayed As Output By Output Devices. converts data from machine language to a human-understandable language. 

     Ex: Monitor, Printer, Speakers Etc. 

à Storage – Stores the Information Into Storage Devices For   Future Use.  

     Ex: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Pen Drives, CD’s Etc.

Input (Input Devices):

An input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system

Major Functions of the Input Unit

Take the data to be processed by the user.

Convert the given data into machine-readable form.

Keyboard:

Keyboards are one of the primary input devices which helps in entering data and commands in a computer or any electronic device by pressing keys. A keyboard has a different set of keys for letters, numbers, functions, and characters. A keyboard is connected to a computer system through a USB cable (for a wired keyboard) or through Bluetooth (for a wireless keyboard). Most of the keyboards are in two sizes, 84 keys or 101/102 keys but nowadays many brands are making keyboards with 104 or 108 keys for Windows.

Mouse:

It is a small hand –held pointing device that   basically   controls   the   two- dimensional movement of the cursor on the displayed screen. Perform point and click operation. Old type mouse is PS/2. Presently used Optical Mouse. Also used wireless mouse.

Trackball:

It is a pointing device that basically consists of a socket containing the ball, which can be rolled manually to move the cursor on the screen. The help of the trackball, we can change the position of the cursor on the screen by simply rotating the ball with our fingers or thumb. Used for  photo  editing,  computer  –aided designing.

 

Touch screen:

It is the pointing device that enables us to enter data  such  as  text,  pictures images by directly touching the screen. To touch the screen by using fingers different operations are performed. Used in Cell phones, ATMs, Games.

Scanners:

Scanners are the input devices that can          electronically capture text and images,      and   convert   them   into   computer          readable form. The  basic  task  of  a  scanner  is  to          convert an  image  or  the  textual  data into digital data.

Webcam:

It  is  an  input  device  that  is  usually attached  to  the  user’s  computer  for     recording videos as well as images. With the help of a webcam, the users        can   easily   participate   in   video          conferencing, which is the online video        communication between two persons.

Microphone:

It      is      an     input device       that   basically Converts the         sound waves into electrical signals       with the    help  of sensors. The microphones are used in various        applications,  such  as  radios,  tape recorders and telephones.

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

It is the processor of the computer. It take the responsibility to controlling and   executing   instructions  in   the computer. It is  also  called  as  Brain  of  the computer.

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

The Arithmetic Logic Unit is made of two terms, arithmetic and logic. There are two primary functions that this unit performs.

Data is inserted through the input unit into the primary memory. Performs the basic arithmetical operations on it, like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It performs all sorts of calculations required on the data. Then, it sends back data to the storage.

The unit is also responsible for performing logical operations like AND, OR, Equal to, Less than, etc.  In addition to this, it conducts merging, sorting, and selection of the given data.

CU – Control Unit

The control unit as the name suggests is the controller of all the activities/tasks and operations. All this is performed inside the computer.

The memory unit sends a set of instructions to the control unit. Then the control unit in turn converts those instructions. After that these instructions are converted to control signals.

These control signals help in prioritizing and scheduling activities. Thus, the control unit coordinates the tasks inside the computer in synchronous with the input and output units.

Memory Unit

All the data that has to be processed or has been processed is stored in the memory unit. The memory unit acts as a hub of all the data. It transmits it to the required part of the computer whenever necessary.

The memory unit works in sync with the CPU. This helps in faster accessing and processing of the data. Thus, making tasks easier and quicker.

Types of Computer Memory

There are two types of computer memory-

Primary Memory

This type of memory cannot store a vast amount of data. Therefore, it is only used to store recent data. The data stored in this is temporary. It can get erased once the power is switched off. Therefore, is also called temporary memory or main memory.

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is an example of primary memory. This memory is directly accessible by the CPU. It is used for reading and writing purposes. For data to be processed, it has to be first transferred to the RAM and then to the CPU.

Secondary Memory

As explained above, the primary memory stores temporary data. Thus, it cannot be accessed in the future. For permanent storage purposes, secondary memory is used. It is also called permanent memory or auxiliary memory. The hard disk is an example of secondary memory. Even in a power failure data does not get erased easily.

Output

All the information sent to the computer once processed is received by the user through the output unit. The output unit displays the data either in the form of a soft copy or a hard copy. Devices like printers, monitors, projectors, etc. all come under the output unit.

OUTPUT DEVICES:

Monitors

·      It is a screen, which displays information in visual form, after receiving the video signals from the computer

·      There are many sizes

·      There are three basic types

·      Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

·      Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

·       Thin Film Transistor (TFT)

Printers

·      Printers are the most widely used output devices in real life applications.

·      A printer is a computer hardware that generates the hard copy of the information processed by a computer system.

Speakers

·      Speakers are main output devices of the computer.

·      Speakers are that converts the analog audio signals into the equivalent air vibrations in order to make audible sound.

Projectors

A Projector is a device that is connected to a computer or a video device for projecting an image from the computer or video device onto the big white screen.

Projectors were initially used for showing films but now they are used on a large scale for displaying presentations in education organizations.